Welcome to English Online Course here are direct and In Direct with example , chart and structure. This is also called Reported Speech or narrations please check my last post Suicide is a solution to a temporary problem
Reported Speech
Rule n°1 : When the reporting verb of the main clause is in PRESENT or FUTURE, there is NO change in the reporting clause except for PRONOUNS.
1. She says : « I practise sport 2 times a week. »
She says that she practises sport 2 times a week.
2. They will declare : « Our school is very far. »
They will declare that their school is very far.
Rule n°2 : When the reporting verb of the main clause is in the PAST, here are the changes :
1. Tenses Change :
Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
Present Simple | Past Simple |
Present Continuous / Progressive | Past Continuous/ Progressive |
Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
Past Simple | (alone) Past Perfect (with another tense) Past Simple |
Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
Past Perfect | Past Perfect |
Future Simple | Second Conditional(would+ stem) |
Future Perfect | Third Conditional(would have+past participle) |
Modals in the present Can / may / must/ have to | Modals in the past Could / might / had to |
2. Time adverbials & demonstrative pronouns change :
Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
this | that |
these | those |
today | that day |
tonight | that night |
now | at that moment / then |
up to now | up to that moment |
until now | until that moment |
yesterday | the previous day / the day before |
last…… | the previous……. |
……ago | ……before |
tomorrow | the following day / the day after |
next…… | the following…… |
here | there |
B/ Questions : 1. Yes / No questions : You use if / whether + subject+ verb + the rest of the sentence+ full stop.
*Tom asks Betty : « Do you speak English ? »
Tom asks Betty if / whether she speaks English.
* Tom asked Betty : « Do you speak English ? »
Tom asked Betty if/ whether she spoke English.
2. Wh. questions : You use wh.word + subject + verb + the rest of the sentence+ full stop.
* John wants to know : « Where did Maria park the car yesterday ? »
John wants to know where Maria parked the car yesterday.
* John wanted to know : « Where did Maria park the car yesterday ? »
John wanted to know where Maria had parked the car the day before / the previous day.
C/ Orders / Commands :
1. Positive Orders : You use the infinitive + the rest of the sentence + full stop.
* They order us : « Revise your lessons ! »
They order us to revise our lessons.
*They ordered us : « Revise your lessons ! »
They ordered us to revise our lessons
2. Negative Orders : You use not + the infinitive + the rest of the sentence + full stop.
* The mother orders her son : « Don’t watch TV tonight ! »
The mother orders her son not to watch TV tonight.
*The mother ordered her son : « Don’t watch TV tonight ! »
The mother ordered her son not to watch TV that night.
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