NOUNS
“Noun is the name of a person, place or thing.”
NOTES ON NOUNS
- Nouns may be countable or uncountable. They can be common or proper.
- Countable nouns can be singular or plural.
- Uncountable nouns are generally singular only.
- Infinitives (to+ V1st) are uncountable nouns.
- Gerunds (V1st+ing) may be countable or uncountable nouns.
- “Collective Nouns” are single nouns representing a whole class or group. E.g. audience, faculty, family, group, class, committee, staff, team, people(not single) .
- “Abstract Nouns” are names of such things or feelings which are intangible .e.g., beauty, anger, smartness, faithfulness, elegance etc. Abstract nouns are uncountable, hence are single.
8. ADDITION OF NOUNS
If two or more singular nouns are joined by ‘and’, they become plural. If two or more singular nouns are joined by ‘or’, they remain singular.
EXAMPLE
“India and Pakistan are arch rivals. Usually, either India or Pakistan starts war.”
9. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
It is essential that the Verb of a sentence should be single if the subject is single and vice verse.
EXAMPLE
Incorrect: Jinnah hospital, the largest of government hospitals, havemany doctors.
Correct: Jinnah hospital, the largest of government run hospitals, hasmany doctors.
PRONOUNS
“Pronouns are the words used instead of a noun.”
The reference noun, represented by a pronoun, is called “antecedent of the pronoun.”
Appropriate Case of Pronoun must be placed carefully in the sentence. Pronouns can be personal or impersonal.
CASES OF PRONOUNS
PER- SONS | CASE | SUBJECTIVE/ NOMINATIVE | OBJECTIVE/ ACCUSATIVE | POSSESSIVE/ GENITIVE | REFLEXIVE/ EMPHATIC | |
1ST | Single | I | ME | MY/MINE | MYSELF | |
Plural | WE | US | OUR | OURSELVES | ||
2ND | YOU | YOU | YOUR | YOURSELF | ||
3RD | Single -------- Plural | HE (Masculine) | HIM | HIS | HIMSELF | |
SHE (Feminine) | HER | HER | HERSELF | |||
IT (Neutral) | IT/THAT | ITS | ITSELF | |||
THEY | THEM | THEIR | THEMSELVES | |||
IMPERSON-AL PRONOUNS | WHO | WHOM | WHOSE | WHOMSELF | ||
ONE | ONE | ONE’S | ONESELF | |||
THIS | THAT | ITS | ITSELF | |||
NOTES FOR PRONOUNS.
- While changing Voice of a sentence, change the case of pronoun accordingly.
- 2nd person pronoun is used both as single and plural.
- Impersonal Pronouns are used where the antecedent is not specific or known.
ADJECTIVES
“Adjectives and adjective phrases describe nouns.”
They may be used to describe:
Quantity/Sufficiency : How many/much quantity? (Number/Amount)
Consecutive order : In Which way? (Order in a sequence)
Quality : Of What type? (Appearance)
Emphasis : How? (Importance or Force)
Note: Some Adjectives are Comparative, which are in three degrees.
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE | COMPAR-ITIVE | SUPER-LATIVE | POSITIVE | COMPAR-ITIVE | SUPERL-ATIVE |
Good | Better | Best | Bad | Worse | Worst |
Much/Many | More | Most | Small | Smaller | Smallest |
Far | Farther | Furthest | Up | Upper | Uppermost |
Old | Older | Oldest | Large | Larger | Largest |
Some adjectives are absolute i.e. they are not comparable, e.g. first, yellow, little, some, all, no.
ADJECTIVE PHRASES
Adjective phrases are combination of adjective and preposition(s). E.g.
§ A large amount of
§ A large number of
§ Almost all of the
§ As many as
§ As much as
§ Different from/ Differ from
§ Few/a few
§ Less than
§ Little/a little
§ More than
§ Not any
§ One of the
§ Only a few
§ Only a little
§ Some of the
§ Similar to/Similar
§ The same/ The same as
Author views
How was my lesson please tell me ( mera lesson kaisa tha majhey zarror bataye ga )
If there is any mistake you can tell me ( ager kahi galati ho app majhey bata sakte hai)
Share my blog with your friends ( mera blog apne dosto k saath share karey)
If You Need Any help You Can Request On This Post I Will help You
I Hope You Like Please Give Your